2021 JAMB GEOGRAPHY PAST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Monadnock is not a volcanic mountain but rather a type of inselberg, formed by erosion of surrounding material. Cotopaxi, Midcrop, and Fuji are formed by volcanic activity.

Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, and riverbeds. This can help in planting trees, improving air quality. Using chemicals, mining, and cutting trees harm the environment.

Shale is a sedimentary rock formed by compaction of silt and clay particles. Graphite and marble are metamorphic rocks, and schist is also a metamorphic rock.

Storms are not a landform-producing agent, unlike waves, rivers, and glaciers, which shape land by erosion and deposition.

Urban areas provide manufactured goods to rural areas, helping with modern needs. Industrial raw materials, herbs, and food are supplied from rural to urban areas.

Mandara mountain is a known feature in the region marked Y. Obon hill, Obudu plateau, and Alantika mountain do not match this feature.

Lake Chad is the feature at location K on the map. River Sokoto, Lake Kainji, and River Zamfara are not represented by K.

Strains international relations rather than encouraging them, unlike specialization, healthy competition, and economic development from subsistence to mechanization.

Seasonal changes are caused by the earth’s tilt and revolution around the sun, not rotation. Rotation leads to day/night and wind/ocean current deflections.

Inadequate capital hinders industrial concentration, while natural resources, large market, and technology foster it in Eastern USA.

Pastoral farming focuses on animal rearing in large areas of land. Mixed farming includes crops, and intensive is high-input agriculture.

Mesosphere is part of the atmosphere, not the earth’s surface layers like atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.

Atmosphere provides oxygen for respiration, essential for life. Timber is provided by forests, not atmospheric layers.

Correct sequence from outer to inner layers of the Earth: sial (continental crust), sima (oceanic crust), mantle, and core.

The ground distance between towns is 10 km, as the map scale indicates 2 cm equals 1 km. Thus, 20 cm represents 10 km.

10 km on map a and 40 km on map b based on map scales. The higher the scale denominator, the smaller the distance represented.

Colonial ties promote trade with developed nations. Similarity of products and trade unions are not key factors in high trade volumes.

Lagos-Southampton, Lagos-Antwerp, and Lagos-Rotterdam are major sea routes. Lagos-Montreal is not commonly part of this route.

Weather is short-term atmospheric conditions like temperature and precipitation, unlike climate, a long-term pattern.

Diurnal temperature range measures the day’s hottest and coldest temperatures, not mean, max, or min by themselves.

Environment is the surroundings of an organism, encompassing both biotic and abiotic factors that impact life.

Photosynthesis removes carbon from the atmosphere by converting it into plant matter, unlike combustion and decomposition.

Isohalines connect ocean points with the same salinity level. Isohyets show rainfall, and isobars are for pressure measurements.

Dense ocean water flows at the bottom towards areas with lower salinity, balancing water density across ocean layers.

Gravitational water is the water that drains from soil due to gravity, leaving behind field capacity water and hygroscopic water bound to soil particles.

The part labelled X typically represents the subsoil layer, located below the topsoil and above parent material and bedrock.

Star graph is not typically used in geography for data representation, unlike maps like choropleth, dot, and shaded maps which are common for showing data spatially.

High undergrowth is characteristic of tropical rainforests, providing dense foliage. Conical trees and leathery leaves are seen in temperate regions.

Landlocked countries often face higher freight costs due to lack of direct sea access, unlike maritime countries with port facilities.

Fear of competition is generally not an issue in harnessing solar energy. Common challenges are technological and capital constraints, and reliability issues.

An optical square is used for setting out lines at right angles, crucial in surveying to maintain accuracy. Other instruments listed serve different purposes in surveying.

Error of closure indicates inaccuracies in a closed traverse where end points don’t match; it’s distinct from field error and compass error.

Denudation refers to the gradual erosion and lowering of land surfaces through weathering and erosion. Mass wasting and relief describe different geological processes.

The earth’s revolution determines the length of a year, unlike rotation which results in day and night and twilight.

Denitrification releases nitrogen back into the atmosphere rather than enriching soil, unlike symbiosis and electrical discharge.

Contour ploughing reduces soil erosion on slopes by slowing water runoff, unlike overgrazing, deforestation, and bush burning which increase erosion risk.

A watershed is the dividing line between river systems, often found in highland areas. Other options represent different landforms.

Loess is a wind-deposited sediment that forms fertile soils, unlike seif, barchan, and bajada which are desert features formed by different processes.

Gold deposits in Witwatersrand have been a major factor in attracting settlers, unlike iron, copper, and aluminum found in other areas.

Geographic Information System (GIS) refers to a system that captures and analyzes geographical data, not related to internet solutions or spreading information.

Slave trade does not directly cause sparse population in Nigeria’s middle belt; factors like lack of industries and poor soil do.

Rainforest is Nigeria’s primary source of timber, unlike montane and swamp forests which are less suitable for commercial timber exploitation.

Highlands do not occupy much productive land; instead, they are valued for resources like rivers, minerals, and settlement areas.

Eiffel Tower is in France, not Germany; other pairs like the Pyramids in Egypt, the Colosseum in Italy, and Victoria Falls in Zambia are correct.

Anambra has the highest population density in Nigeria due to urbanization and industrialization; Bayelsa, Ogun, and Niger have lower densities.

Geo-referencing assigns spatial locations to data points in GIS, essential for map accuracy and analysis.

A digitizer is used to convert analogue maps to digital form, unlike GPS and aerial photography which are used for data collection.

Land rotation is synonymous with shifting cultivation, a traditional method of rotating land use to allow soil recovery.

Egbema, Oloibiri, and Ughelli are known oil-producing areas; Afam is not commonly listed among them.

Creativity of people is not typically a factor in industrial concentration; factors like ports, raw materials, and road networks are more influential.