2014 JAMB GEOGRAPHY PAST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

The correct answer is 1800 metric tonnes, based on calculated total exports from 2000 to 2003. Option A underestimates the total, while options B and D (1400 and 1500 metric tonnes) further deviate from the actual value.

The total export in 2002 is determined as 1000 metric tonnes based on available data, eliminating incorrect options: 800 is too low, 1200 is excessive, and 11000 is an evident typographical error.

Chain surveying primarily measures distances, differing from other methods that measure angles, heights, or depths. Accurate distance measurements are crucial in land surveys.

Mercury has the shortest orbit period due to its proximity to the sun and shorter orbital path, unlike Earth, Saturn, and Jupiter.

Shale is primarily composed of clay particles, giving it a fine texture. Options sand, quartz, and calcite are incorrect as they aren’t primary components, though quartz may appear in minor quantities.

Organic sedimentary rocks, such as coal, result from the remains of living organisms, especially plants. Options that suggest other origins, like solutions or underlying pressure, are incorrect.

Batholiths are large intrusive formations created when magma cools within Earth’s crust. Cinder and geyser are incorrect as they are associated with volcanic eruptions at or near the surface.

Wind acts as an agent of denudation, removing and transporting loose materials. Insolation and gravity are less influential in this role, and energy is not an agent of denudation.

Sedimentary rocks typically have layers or strata formed by sediment deposits. Metamorphic rocks may have bands, volcanic rocks are often unlayered, and igneous rocks lack distinct layers.

The Red Sea has the highest salinity due to high evaporation rates and limited freshwater inflow, unlike the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Baltic Seas, which have lower evaporation rates or significant inflow.

Hot deserts are often associated with seasonal lakes as water evaporates rapidly in these areas, whereas humid areas and cool temperate regions maintain more consistent water bodies.

Precipitation, such as rain and snow, is a direct weather element. Thunder, while associated with storms, is not an element itself, and latitude is a location coordinate, not a weather component.

An isotherm is used to map equal temperatures. Isobars show equal pressure, isohyets show equal precipitation, and isolines are general lines of equality without specifying temperature.

Selvas refers to dense, tropical rainforest typical of the Amazon Basin. Pampas refer to grasslands, and coniferous relates to forests of cone-bearing trees, while ‘vale’ is a term for valley.

The nature of rocks primarily influences water infiltration, as different rocks have varying porosities. Temperature and rainfall affect surface water more directly, and slope influences runoff, not infiltration.

Time is a crucial factor in soil profile development, allowing for layering and maturity. Climate, parent material, and organic matter also affect development, but time is the primary contributor.

Volcanic areas offer fertile soil, beneficial for agriculture due to nutrient-rich deposits. Tourism may exist, but fertile soil is the key natural resource advantage.

Animals are living organisms and thus part of a biotic community. Rocks, water, and gases are abiotic factors that, while present, don’t constitute biotic elements.

Anthracite is a high-grade coal that burns cleanly with high heat. Lignite, steam coal, and peat produce more smoke and less heat compared to anthracite.

Groundwater contamination poses severe long-term risks for ecosystems and human health. Habitat destruction and air pollution are secondary, while landfill expansion is a waste management issue.

Life expectancy is a common measure of development, as higher values typically indicate better healthcare, living conditions, and overall welfare. Population density and total population are less accurate indicators, and types of buildings do not directly measure development.

Birth and death rates are the primary factors affecting population growth. While agriculture and technology can influence growth indirectly, they do not have as direct an effect as birth and death rates do.

A very slow replacement rate is a common issue in developed countries, leading to aging populations. Overpopulation, high death rates, and high dependency ratios are more typical in developing countries.

Adequate water supply is essential for a viable settlement site. Dense vegetation, marshy areas, and mountainous regions pose challenges for establishing and sustaining settlements.

Perennial irrigation is widely practiced in India due to its extensive agricultural sector. Bangladesh, Sudan, and Holland utilize irrigation, but not as pervasively as India for perennial systems.

Areas with abundant agricultural land and good surface drainage often support dispersed settlements. Limited land and poor drainage make dispersed settlements less feasible, while large populations favor denser settlements.

Denmark is known for intensive dairy farming. Brazil, Spain, and Niger have different agricultural practices, with less emphasis on intensive dairy farming methods.

Agriculture employment decreases as countries develop, with more jobs moving to services and manufacturing. Mining remains consistent or decreases slightly.

Underdevelopment restricts developing countries to primary economic activities. Factors like interdependence, over-dependency, and colonization have complex impacts but are not the primary causes.

Rice cultivation requires high, consistent rainfall, especially during the growing season. Wheat, maize, and barley have lower water requirements and do not thrive under such wet conditions.

Proximity to raw materials reduces transport costs and attracts manufacturing industries. While population, infrastructure, and physical development are relevant, raw material availability is the primary factor.

Crop rotation allows for diverse crop production without fallowing, unlike shifting cultivation which requires fallow periods. Mixed cropping and intensive farming are also incorrect for this specific description.

Mixed farming combines arable farming and animal husbandry, a common practice in Europe. Crop farming focuses only on crops, and pastoral farming focuses only on livestock.

Montane vegetation, characterized by mountain flora, is found on the Mambila Plateau. Sudan and Guinea savanna vegetation types are typical of lower altitudes, while high forests are usually in lowland rainforests.

Rapid population growth leads to reduced fallow periods due to increased demand for agricultural land, unlike mechanization or agricultural inputs which primarily affect crop yield and production methods.

Secondary activities involve processing raw materials, like manufacturing. Distribution and packaging are tertiary activities, unrelated to secondary economic functions.

Nomadic herdsmen migrate seasonally in search of water and grazing for their livestock, adapting to seasonal vegetation changes. Other options are incorrect as they do not reflect the main reason for migration.

The Ruhr Valley is renowned for iron and steel production due to its natural resources. Food manufacturing, oil refining, and shipbuilding are less prominent in this area.

Industrialization drove the Ruhr Valley’s growth, enabling mining, steel, and manufacturing industries. Agriculture, soil fertility, and climate had minimal impact on its industrial development.

Côte d’Ivoire is Africa’s top timber producer, benefiting from its vast forest resources. Kenya, Senegal, and South Africa produce less timber comparatively.

Rail transport limitations have increased road dependency. While airports have expanded, and migration is influenced, rail limitations place direct pressure on road infrastructure.

Shaduf irrigation supports dense agriculture in the Nile Valley, enhancing productivity. Industrial growth, multipurpose dams, and transport development are relevant but less critical factors.

High birth and low death rates characterize African populations, indicating growth. High death rates are less common, while low rates of both birth and death are seen in more developed countries.