COMPREHENSION: Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow
PASSAGE I
There are many different approaches to conflict management, each of which may have utility in particular circumstances. A great deal of scholarship has been devoted to analyzing how and in what situations different approaches can be applied most effectively.
Conflict management approaches can be classified into two broad categories.
Firstly, based on the level of escalation in which the particular conflict is being managed. In this sense, one can distinguish between the peaceful and the ‘military’ approaches.
The trademarks of the peaceful approach are negotiation, verbal persuasion, use of inducements, denial of privileges, and subtle manipulation short of the use of physical forces, while those of the military approach relate to the use of physical coercion. The use of physical force could be by a party to a conflict or a third party, to promote one side’s interest, impose a settlement, or create a situation in which diplomatic negotiations can occur.
Secondly, conflict management approaches can also be classified according to the status of the participants in the bargaining process. For example, a conflict could be managed through ‘negotiation’, that is, direct bargaining by the parties involved in the conflict; or through ‘mediation’, that is with the help of a third party
PASSAGE II
The passage below has gaps, immediately following such gap, four options are provided Choose the most appropriate
Before now, students bumped into career by chance or through the insistence of parents. These parents had pre-conceived notions of ….11 professions and gave little consideration to their children’s interest, aptitudes, knowledge and skills. Students’ career decisions were also ……..12 ….. by the type of secondary schools they attended.
Before government take – over of schools in 1971. Over 80% of elementary and secondary schools were privately owned and competition was ….. 13 among these schools. Each strived to carve an …14… for herself by excelling in sports or academics and students often ended up in engineering, medicine, science and law. Junior students tried to ……15…. the career choices of their seniors. This spirit of rivalry among mission and private schools waned with government take-over of schools.
Government involvement in career development is beset with many problems. One such problem is the ….. 16 …. Shortage of professional career development officers. These few officers are …… 17 …… given the opportunity to practice.
If the government of Nigeria has…18 … a guidance and counseling policy. It must be pointed out that emphasis is still at the secondary level of education. This situation..19.. the current view that career development should start at the pre- primary level and continue till adulthood.